Perceived Danger
We have developed a survey that measures perceived danger. We have also developed a shorted 4 item scale to measure perceived danger. It is currently under review, but contact Greg if you need it.
Molan, J., Saad, L., Roesler, E., McCurry, J. M., Gyory, N., Trafton, J. G. (2024). The Perceived Danger (PD) Scale: Development and Validation. HRI 2025.
Scale
If you are measuring a person’s impressions of something else (in a video or image or vignette, etc.):
A 6-point scale was used: 1 (Not at all) - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 (Extremely) (Questions randomized)
Question wording: Answer as if you were the person in the video.
| Items | Factor |
|---|---|
| how nervous would you feel? | Affective states |
| how anxious would you feel? | Affective states |
| how stressed would you feel? | Affective states |
| how exposed to physical injury would you be? | Physical vulnerability |
| how likely was the robot to cause pain? | Physical vulnerability |
| how severely might you be injured? | Physical vulnerability |
| how menacing was the robot? | Ominousness |
| how threatening was the robot? | Ominousness |
| how intimidating was the robot? | Ominousness |
| how alert would you be? | Cognitive readiness |
| how vigilant would you be? | Cognitive readiness |
| how cautious would you be? | Cognitive readiness |
If you are measuring in person:
A 6-point scale was used: 1 (Not at all) - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 (Extremely)
(Questions randomized)
Question wording: During your time with the robot…
| Items | Factor |
|---|---|
| how nervous did you feel? | Affective states |
| how anxious did you feel? | Affective states |
| how stressed did you feel? | Affective states |
| how exposed to physical injury were you? | Physical vulnerability |
| how likely was the robot to cause pain? | Physical vulnerability |
| how severely might you have been injured? | Physical vulnerability |
| how menacing was the robot? | Ominousness |
| how threatening was the robot? | Ominousness |
| how intimidating was the robot? | Ominousness |
| how alert were you? | Cognitive readiness |
| how vigilant were you? | Cognitive readiness |
| how cautious were you? | Cognitive readiness |